The chipmaker’s 62-year-old founder is on a mission to speed global adoption of artificial intelligence and bring Nvidia’s technology to every corner of the economy. Huang is also trying to prove to skeptics on Wall Street warning of an AI bubble that trillions of dollars in infrastructure investments — including his company’s prized chips — will pay off soon.

Partnerships with Nvidia have boosted stocks of companies ranging from Intel to Nokia as the maker of AI chips transforms into a venture-capital giant.