In 2009 researchers found an "ionization surprise" that defied explanation. Until that time, it had been commonly thought that the ionization of atoms by strong laser fields was well-understood, but ...
To break free from an atom, the negatively charged electron typically has to absorb a high-energy photon, such as that from the ultraviolet (UV) or x-ray spectrum. The electron then gets excited ...
What are the ionization techniques for mass spectrometry? Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a vital role in many aspects of our lives, from diagnosing illness and detecting food contaminants to fighting ...
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Cosmic radiation brought to light: Researchers measure ionization in dark cloud for the first time
Where starlight doesn't reach, new things are born: For the first time, an international research team has directly measured the effect of cosmic radiation in a cold molecular cloud. The observation ...
Ionization is crucial in strong field physics and attosecond science, where it describes how electrons escape from their atomic bonds. Traditionally, it was understood that this process could not be ...
This report both complements and extends Technical Reports Series No. 277/2, Absorbed Dose Determination in Photon and Electron Beams - An International Code of Practice, IAEA Technical Reports Series ...
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