Microbial organisms dominate life on Earth, but tracing their early history and evolution is difficult because they rarely fossilize. Determining when exactly a particular group of microbes first ...

Molecular dating and divergence time estimation encompass a suite of analytical frameworks designed to reconstruct the temporal dimension of evolutionary history by translating genetic differences ...

Molecular evolution examines how DNA, RNA and protein sequences change over time under the influence of mutation, selection, drift and recombination. Variation arises through replication errors and ...

Bacterial evolution and oxygen adaptation: A timeline built from genomic, fossil, and chemical data. Colors show oxygen states: anaerobic (blue), aerobic (red), and proportion of aerobic lineages in ...