Recent stratospheric data shows the vortex’s early formation is proceeding with lower-than-normal wind speeds and rapid cooling, two markers that typically precede Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) ...

A rare glimpse into the wintry conditions of the Mars north polar vortex has shown that temperatures inside the vortex are far colder than outside, and that the permanent darkness that winter brings ...

A schematic of temperature measurements shows how it is 40 degrees Celsius colder inside the north polar vortex (indicated by the yellow line) compared to outside the vortex. A rare glimpse into the ...