Objectives This study aimed to analyse temporal trends in fertility and birth rates, examine maternal characteristics and forecast future demographic changes in Georgia. Design This was a ...

Causal inference in observational settings seeks to estimate the effect of exposures, treatments or interventions on outcomes in the absence of random assignment. Unlike experimental designs, ...

• Accounting for bias is a major challenge confronting the use of observational data to gain important insights into real-world treatment effects. • No single study design will satisfy all information ...