A simulation-based study for optimizing proportional-integral-derivative controller gains for different control strategies of an active upper extremity model using experimental data.

A review of instruments used to assess upper-limb function in patients with neuromuscular diseases found that more tools are needed to address specific diseases. In most neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), ...

Limb formation is currently explained by a long-standing model, which states that signals from tissue in the limb bud called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) instruct cells of the upper arm to form ...