A COLOR WORTH MORE THAN GOLD. Caesar crossed the Rubicon and broke the Republic. But Augustus did something even more powerful: He made one-man rule look legal. After years of civil war, Rome was exhausted. The Republic still existed in name, but real power now belonged to one man. Augustus did not call himself king. He called himself princeps — “first citizen.” Rome kept its Senate, traditions, and rituals. But behind the marble, coins, statues, and ceremonies, a new reality had been born: The

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